The Successful Self Directed Learner - 927 Words

1. For me, the essential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner include the following. a. That learner is a person who takes the initiative for her learning. That means that the self-directed learner does not wait for the teacher to tell her to complete the assignment but does it before the assignment is due. And if there are missed assignments, the self-directed leaner accepts responsibility and does not lame others or situations. b. The successful self-directed learner sets a personal learning goal or is goal-oriented. Goal setting means that the learner is guided by some result in the future, which provides her with the reason to wake up in the morning. Without a learning goal, the learner would be like a boat without a rudder, just sailing to where the wind blows. c. The self-directed leaner is confident. This self-confidence is very important. The learner has to be able to believe in herself that she can bring about the results that she wants. If she is not confident, then she could suffer from things like anxiety before a test and that would be bad for her. d. The self-directed learner is also one who is persistent. This means that she won’t simply or easily give up just because she missed an assignment and got a zero or failed a test. Her long-term goal should keep her trying until she succeeds. Problems are not obstacles but roadblocks that the self-directed learner has to find a way to show her resourcefulness. e. To me thisShow MoreRelatedA Self Directed Learner Is A Successful Student1598 Words   |  7 PagesA self-directed learner is a student who takes ownership of his/her learning and knows what is at stake to learn. A self-directed learner does not need to be instructed to study. A self-directed learner is time concious in delivering assignments. A self-directed learner is a responsible student, matured and takes charge of learning. Intrinsically motivated learner is a student who have the zeal and motivation to learn. The intrinsically motivated student have the passion to learn and the motivationRead MoreDescribe The Essential Aspects Of A Self Directed, Intrinsically Motivated, Active Learner?888 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Unit 4 1. Describe the essential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? To be a successful life-long learner, a student should be self-directed, intrinsically motivated and be an active learner. The essential aspects of such a student are: †¢ The student takes initiative. He/she is self-directed and does not wait for someone to start his/her studies. †¢ Is independent. The student does not rely on others and is self-reliant. †¢ Is persistent. The student believes inRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Self Directed By Jeff Cobb938 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many aspects to being a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, and active learner. From our reading assignments it has become plain that the most important aspect is taking initiative. This means being someone who doesn t have to be told to learn this or that, but will take the first steps down the road of learning. Taking the initiative to learn is core to every other aspect, whether we talk about the 15 Ways of the Successful Self-Directed Learner by Jeff Cobb, or come up with our ownRead MoreMy Personal Theory As A Self Based Learning1622 Words   |  7 Pageswould introduce my personal theory as a Self-Based-Learning (SBL), which is a pedagogical learning theory that occurs personally by someone who is able to synthesize a group of actions that can help him/her to learn naturally. Learning on your own can happen by focusing on three appr oaches of theories that are problem-based learning, constructivism theory, and self-directed learning. The SBL theory can influence society, human performance, and education. The learner will be the center of knowledge thatRead MoreSelf-Directed Learning1105 Words   |  5 Pages1. Describe the essential aspects of self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? We are able to begin to develop abilities in self-directed-studying during our first-year in the college, to be an effective student. We will be spending a considerable time getting information and learning the continuous creation of new information, new skills due to the fast pace of change in culture and technology, and an access to info. Much with this learning will happen at our own initiative. We asRead MoreThe Movie The Shawshank Redemption 938 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessed the importance of an adult’s life experiences and the close connection to the learning process (Knowles, 1980). Life experience adds an additional layer of resources the adult learner may draw upon when presented with new learning opportunities. When life experiences are integrated into a self-directed learner, substantial learning can occur. Andy Dufresne, the main character in the motion picture, The Shawshank Redemption (Darabont, 1994), experienced an evolution of adult learning as he wasRead M oreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Self Directed Learning1366 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe the essential aspects of a self-directed, intrinsically motivated, active learner? This learner is a self-starter and does not wait to be told what comes next. This learner welcomes the responsibility of self-directed learning. Problems are ways to prove their mantle. They are challenges that the learner welcomes. They welcome the independence and self-reliance that comes with self-directed learning. But they are also able to establish a dependable support network. Is determined in theirRead MoreCipd 3dla Essay636 Words   |  3 Pageslearning, and sharing their life story with other learners makes a training session more interesting by engaging into conversation. Creating a positive learning environment: Make sure that the room temperature is adequate, enough chairs for everyone to sit comfortable and making all the learners feeling relaxed during the entire session. NEGATIVE Language: Having a session with multicultural adults can cause confusion and misunderstanding with some learners. It is important to ask questions if they understoodRead MoreAssignment 1 Self Managed Learning by P1734 Words   |  7 PagesUnit 13 Personal Professional Development Self-Managed learning In the Context of Lifelong Learning Assignment Number 1 By Paula Andia (March, 2013) Student N º 2013211 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Self-Managed Learning Evaluation 2.1. Self-Directed Learning 2.2. Self-Regulated Learning 2.3. Self-Planned Learning 2.4. Learning Project 3. Ways to promoted of S-ML in Personal Professional Lifelong Term 4. Benefits of S-ML Inside Organization 5. Conclusion 1. Introduction In thisRead MoreSelf-Managed Learning in the Context of Lifelong Learning1414 Words   |  6 PagesSELF-MANAGED LEARNING IN THE CONTEXT OF LIFELONG LEARNING Unit 13 Personal Professional Development Introduction NatTrainSolns (NTS) a small but influential management training consultancy agency based in City West Industrial Park, Dublin. We deliver professional educational training to both the public and private business sectors. Our mission is to provide targeted training solutions to meet the needs of our clients, operating under the highest ethical standards and treating our stakeholders

CT270 Principles Of Supporting Young People With A...

CT270 Principles of Supporting Young People With a Disability To Make the Transition into Adulthood. 1. Understand the steps and stages of moving from childhood to adulthood. 1.1 Identify the range of physical, social and emotional changes which occur for young people as they move into adult. Fear of the unknown Acceptance from the general population Involvement in the process Choice, control and independence 1.2 Explain the changes faced by young people as they move from childhood into adulthood in relation to their: freedoms, rights and responsibilities. As a young person moves from childhood into adulthood there are many changes that they will face with freedoms, rights and responsibilities. These may include changes in their†¦show more content†¦Time By starting the transition period sooner it allows the young person time to decide with help what they want from adulthood and gives professionals the chance to implement these things for the young person. Choices The young person is at the centre of the transition process so they should be given all of the options to make their own choices regarding their future. With the aid of professionals and family members this is more than achievable. Outside Agencies Outside agencies may be used to aid the young person in the transition process, these may include child/adult social care, the learning disabilities team, CAHMS and organisations like Grapevine. 2.4 Explain how legislation and local and national practice guidelines affect the planning of the transition for a young person with a disability from childhood into adulthood. The Children’s Act 1989 Section 17 of the Children Act 1989 places a duty on local authorities to safeguard and promote the welfare of children in need and to promote the upbringing of children by their families, so far as this is consistent with their welfare duty to the child, by providing an appropriate range and level of services. A child in need is one who is disabled, or unlikely either to achieve a reasonable standard of health or whose health or development will suffer unless services are provided. NHS and Community Care Act 1990, S47 If, during the Section 47(1) assessment the person

The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History Free Essays

Throughout history, the right to vote has expanded and expanded. There are several examples of this in history, such as African Americans and women earning the right to suffrage. All of these movements stem down to the formation of the National Republicans, or Democrats. We will write a custom essay sample on The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, this party made it possible for even the poorest man to gain the right to vote. However, this movement was the subject of much controversy, as many doubted the abilities of the â€Å"common man†. One side in this argument was the supporters of the Democrats. They argued that ownership of property should not determine the right to vote. In document one of the DBQ paper, Nathan Sanford, who supported Jackson, argued that not ownership of property, but a man’s morality, should give him the right to vote. A different perspective, but the same basic agreement, is that of a French nobleman named Alexis de Tocqueville. He stated that the heads of government were often completely talentless, and seemed to end up in their positions from wealthiness alone. These supporters definitely had their reasons to be for this movement, but there were many who had reasons to oppose it. In her cynical and brutally honest book â€Å"Domestic Manners of the Americans†, Frances Trollope recalls the election of 1828. She states that most people were overlooking that he was â€Å"in every way calculated to do honour to the office† and simply opposing him because Jackson represented a less wealthy, more realistic portion of America. She even went as far to say that Jackson won the election of 1828 solely for that reason. James Kent of New York stated that the property requirement was simply the price to pay for the privilege of voting. He called the poor lazy, and stated that the movement was just a way for the poor to â€Å"share the plunder of the rich†. Both sides definitely had their reasons, as these opinions show. As for my opinion, I definitely support the movement. As for the supporters, I find next to no valid arguments against them other than â€Å"everyone’s poor for a reason†. And as I may agree with that statement to a certain extent, it does not validate the ignorant generalizations made by James Kent, calling the poor lazy and greedy (from what I’ve seen, it seems to be the other way around). As for Trollope, while it may be true that the reasons for Jackson’s support were unjust, it seems to happen on the wealthy party’s side just about as much as vice versa. However, as it has become clear by giving suffrage to blacks, women, and 18, 19, and 20 year olds, this movement still continues today, and isn’t ending anytime soon. How to cite The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History, Papers The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History Free Essays Throughout history, the right to vote has expanded and expanded. There are several examples of this in history, such as African Americans and women earning the right to suffrage. All of these movements stem down to the formation of the National Republicans, or Democrats. We will write a custom essay sample on The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History or any similar topic only for you Order Now During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, this party made it possible for even the poorest man to gain the right to vote. However, this movement was the subject of much controversy, as many doubted the abilities of the â€Å"common man†. One side in this argument was the supporters of the Democrats. They argued that ownership of property should not determine the right to vote. In document one of the DBQ paper, Nathan Sanford, who supported Jackson, argued that not ownership of property, but a man’s morality, should give him the right to vote. A different perspective, but the same basic agreement, is that of a French nobleman named Alexis de Tocqueville. He stated that the heads of government were often completely talentless, and seemed to end up in their positions from wealthiness alone. These supporters definitely had their reasons to be for this movement, but there were many who had reasons to oppose it. In her cynical and brutally honest book â€Å"Domestic Manners of the Americans†, Frances Trollope recalls the election of 1828. She states that most people were overlooking that he was â€Å"in every way calculated to do honour to the office† and simply opposing him because Jackson represented a less wealthy, more realistic portion of America. She even went as far to say that Jackson won the election of 1828 solely for that reason. James Kent of New York stated that the property requirement was simply the price to pay for the privilege of voting. He called the poor lazy, and stated that the movement was just a way for the poor to â€Å"share the plunder of the rich†. Both sides definitely had their reasons, as these opinions show. As for my opinion, I definitely support the movement. As for the supporters, I find next to no valid arguments against them other than â€Å"everyone’s poor for a reason†. And as I may agree with that statement to a certain extent, it does not validate the ignorant generalizations made by James Kent, calling the poor lazy and greedy (from what I’ve seen, it seems to be the other way around). As for Trollope, while it may be true that the reasons for Jackson’s support were unjust, it seems to happen on the wealthy party’s side just about as much as vice versa. However, as it has become clear by giving suffrage to blacks, women, and 18, 19, and 20 year olds, this movement still continues today, and isn’t ending anytime soon. How to cite The Expansion of the Right to Vote throughout History, Papers

Learning Organization American Express

Question: Discuss about theLearning Organizationfor American Express. Answer: The Existing Barriers to the Organizational Learning On the basis of the given case analysis, it can be observed that there are numerous business barriers exist that were affecting the organizational learning of American Express (AXP) in a negative manner. For case, the major existing barrier to the organizational learning is that AXP do not have an effective knowledge management system to collect, share and use the knowledge and information in an effective and an appropriate manner. Knowledge management plays an important role in the growth and success of the organization. It is because of knowledge management involves the systems initiatives as well as strategies that play a significant role to espouse and expand the assessment, development, distribution and formation of knowledge in a proper manner. On the other hand, the other major battier is that American Express (AXP) is unable in order to hold on to the wealth of institutional knowledge at the workplace. Moreover, the retired employees of the AXP make a demand of incentives to infuse their knowledge for the company. The retiring employees believe that this process need a lot of time; so they are proficient to get extra incentives for this. This is also a major barrier in the learning system of the organization. Apart from this, the company only emphasizes its attention only on two business units: Technology and Finance. It is because of the management of the firm believed that technology is the easiest source to assess that what skills required to be passed on there. Moreover, the finance is the major area wherever the business has its most important client relationships. But, it should be noted down that, the firm should think about each and every area of the business to accomplish the desired outcomes in a specified time period. For that reason, it can be said that, there are the major barrier that were exist in the learning system of the organization. Theory that Can Be Helpful For the Organization On the basis of the above analysis, it is clear that AXP does not have an effective knowledge management system. The firm does not have any silver bullets to transfer knowledge in an appropriate way. In this situation, a suitable knowledge management system is essential for the growth and success of the organization. So, the recommended theory or model that may be beneficial for the organization is SECI theory/model. SECI is a well-known conceptual model that was first designed by Nonaka and Takeuchi. The model of KM is useful to portray that how knowledge is produced, rearranged, and recreated within the business organizations. What is more, Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization are the four major elements of the SECI model. Socialization mainly emphasizes on tacit to tacit knowledge to collect and share knowledge in an appropriate way. It shares tacit knowledge in both internal as well as external mode. Along with this, socialization inspires the employees to be prepared to contribute to knowledge for the success of the business. For this reason, this will also be advantageous for the American Express. It is because of with the help of this, the firm would be able to transfer tacit knowledge from one individual to another. It does not need to pay extra incentives to the retired employees to infuse their knowledge to others. On the other hand, externalization element of SECI model gives emphasis to tacit to explicit knowledge. It creates and spreads new knowledge among the people or groups of the organization. Moreover, with the help of externalization, American Express would be able to deduce tacit knowledge of a person into explicit knowledge of another person. The employees of the organization can und erstand and share this type of knowledge in an easy way. In addition to this, with the help of combination element, American Express would be competent in order to accumulate and processes related internal and external knowledge effectively. The firm would also be proficient to make the knowledge more understandable and publicize for the people or groups that are related to business. Moreover, AXP would also be able to transfer the explicit knowledge among the people of the business all the way through e-mails, meetings, databases, documents, and so on. Apart from this, with the help of internalization, American Express would be able to create explicit knowledge and also share this knowledge within the organization. In this way, the SECI model of knowledge management would be beneficial for the organization in order to allocate experiences and knowledge among the groups or people of the organization. Also, with the help of this, American Express will actualize its gained experiences as well as knowledge in an effective and a significant ma nner. For this reason, it can be said that, AXP should adopt and implement the SECI model or theory of knowledge management in order to overcome all the existing barriers of organizational learning effectually. American Express can Learn to be Ethical On the basis of the above analysis, it may be observed that,American Express need to be ethical in its business aspects. The firm should focus on the ethical standards, morals, and values to be ethical in business. Moreover, American Express should create an environment of impartiality and fairness to motivate the employees; so they can work for the growth and success of the organization. Along with this, the organization should provide equal opportunities to all the employees; so they may work jointly for the success of the business. American Express should create an environment of mutual understanding. This would be beneficial for the organization. It is because of all the experienced employees will be ready to share their knowledge and experiences with the new employees of the organization. In addition to this, American Express should focus on the moral tactics to perform all the business activities in an ethical way. These all the things would be helpful to be ethical for the Ame rican Express. Consequently, the firm would be helpful to perform all its business and operational activities in an ethical way.

Macroeconomic Situation of the US

Free Essays on Class vs. Race †The True Determinate

Class vs. Race – The True Determinate We live in a society built of classes. These classes are necessary in a capitalistic society because no matter how rich a nation we become we will always need a lower class to clean the offices we work in and pick the strawberries we eat. Minority groups have found themselves stuck in this class of working poor and because people stereotype and perceive minority groups to fill this need of a lower class it makes it very difficult for these groups to advance from one socio-economic level to the next. DuBois understood this problem in America and decided that it was necessary for Blacks to break this mold they would first need to dispel the stereotypes that haunted them. His answer to this difficult situation was â€Å"the talented tenth.† The idea behind the concept was that a group of the top ten percent of blacks would excel, raising the entire black social class. Many people have criticized DuBois for these opinions, claiming they are without merit and unrealistic. I do not believe, however, that these people (men like West and Gates) fully understood what DuBois was meant by his talented tenth. In order for a social class to advance the way DuBois wanted Blacks to raise up they must first be perceived as equal and in today’s society we judge the masses and base our opinions of groups of people on the generalizations and stereotypes that we see in the media and we create in our minds. That is the mistake people make in interpreting DuBois. He did not think the newly created Black elites would live in Harlem and help the Black race by encouraging people in their communities. He knew the Black elite would separate themselves from that element of Black culture just as White elites have done for years. He wanted the black elites to change the perceptions of the upper middle class. Changing their perceptions of blacks, which in turn would free the black lower class from those stereoty... Free Essays on Class vs. Race – The True Determinate Free Essays on Class vs. Race – The True Determinate Class vs. Race – The True Determinate We live in a society built of classes. These classes are necessary in a capitalistic society because no matter how rich a nation we become we will always need a lower class to clean the offices we work in and pick the strawberries we eat. Minority groups have found themselves stuck in this class of working poor and because people stereotype and perceive minority groups to fill this need of a lower class it makes it very difficult for these groups to advance from one socio-economic level to the next. DuBois understood this problem in America and decided that it was necessary for Blacks to break this mold they would first need to dispel the stereotypes that haunted them. His answer to this difficult situation was â€Å"the talented tenth.† The idea behind the concept was that a group of the top ten percent of blacks would excel, raising the entire black social class. Many people have criticized DuBois for these opinions, claiming they are without merit and unrealistic. I do not believe, however, that these people (men like West and Gates) fully understood what DuBois was meant by his talented tenth. In order for a social class to advance the way DuBois wanted Blacks to raise up they must first be perceived as equal and in today’s society we judge the masses and base our opinions of groups of people on the generalizations and stereotypes that we see in the media and we create in our minds. That is the mistake people make in interpreting DuBois. He did not think the newly created Black elites would live in Harlem and help the Black race by encouraging people in their communities. He knew the Black elite would separate themselves from that element of Black culture just as White elites have done for years. He wanted the black elites to change the perceptions of the upper middle class. Changing their perceptions of blacks, which in turn would free the black lower class from those stereoty...

Organisational behaviour assignment based on case study Essay

Organisational behaviour assignment based on case study - Essay Example Through this approach, organisations are expected to be able to understand the flaws and strengths of its operations in a more efficient manner, which can further be considered in the process of enhancing organisational operations (Cole, 2000). From a generalised perspective, the study of organisational behaviour might also be crucial in the case of A & S Fashion Limited. Started in the year 1993, the company has developed from a small business to adding a large customer base. However, since the year 2011, the company has been continuously failing to reach its targeted sales, which further impacted its reputation in the targeted market. Different reasons have been stated in this concern, addressing the probable drivers that led to business deficiencies in A & S. In order to deal with this situation, the company will essentially need to understand the organisational behaviour by comprehending its workplace environment. Contextually, the aim of the paper will be to analyse the current operational situation of A & S and identify the major flaws that could have lead to such a vulnerable performance of the company. In this context, concepts of psychological contract, motivational gap and communication mechanisms will be taken into account in the discussion henceforth. Implementation of Psychological Contract in the Company Due to Negative Responses of the Staff For the poor performance of the company in the last couple of years, several potential reasons can be identified to have emerged in the scene. In this regard, the negative responses of the staff of the organisation might be a potential reason for the decline in the performance level of the business operations. Arguably, a generalised perspective to this context affirms that employees are the most vital assets in any organisation and constitute the vital elements of contribution in raising the performance of the business (King & Grace, n.d.). In fact, studies have revealed that the performance of businesses is directly dependent on the approach and the conduct of the employees (Vance, 2006). Hence, their satisfaction, which further impacts their working behaviour, is quite vital to be monitored continuously and managed efficiently for the welfare of the organisation. It is in this context that applying measures to understand the psychological contract in A & S shall be essential to identify the rudimental causes of the negative responses obtained from the staff. As can be observed from the case scenario, the employees of A & S have been deciphering a degree of negative response, which has in turn affected the coordination and cooperation between groups and departments as well. Such non-cooperative behaviour has altogether affected the productivity and efficiency of the organisation as every department of the business has been reported to be falling to perform at the expected level, increasing instances of inter-group conflicts. To be precise, the marketing department in A & S has been ac cusing the HR department for their deficiency to recruit professionals as per the need of the specific department. The finance department of the business has also been accused for being incapable to provide enough funds required for

How marriage enhance family ties in the society Essay

How marriage enhance family ties in the society - Essay Example However, this is not the context to my essay: instead I seek to show how a couple needs to work out together the family roles in a more civilized and informed manner. In the society we live in marriages are of diverse contexts and seek to examine how the same influences family ties (Markman, Scott & Susan 120). The research question is: â€Å"Does marriage as exercised between two people have a direct socio-economic impact on the familial ties in the society?† An analysis into this matter will entail a concrete and deeper understanding of the subject matter of marriage in relation to the practices that are associated with it. However, in most instances, a lot of people have questioned the indispensability of marriage itself. The essence of marriage Families as essential care institutions are varied across different cultures and they may change overtime. A good instance for the change in family occurs when a member is married or marries into the family. The implication here wou ld mean that the cultural ideologies and laws are created to enforce the adaptation brought about by marriage. It is largely expected that a marriage can lead to the growth of a society and makes it to be more complex and stratified. Consequently, a marriage in its nature improves on the quality of life and creates a sense of differentiation among the family members based on their socio-economic status. However, in most cases there is a significant difference in the marriages based on the diverse characteristics such as cultural background, education or religion of each of the partners. Therefore, the formation of a family as a social unit needs to incorporate all these aspects that are brought about due to marriage. The definition of a family unit as a social entity in itself recognizes the social essence of marriage in the society. Waite & Lehrer while talking about â€Å"the benefits from marriage and religion in the United States,† they recognize that in most cases, marri age and religion will both greatly influence life dimensions such as mental and physical health, economic wellbeings, longevity among others. Consequently, they note that marriage is associated with a higher overall hapiness rate. Everyone who claims to be in love should have the basic idea that such a plan for marriage may result in the enhancement of cross-sectional analyses of the group. When can marriage be considered a marriage? In this context, I am going to look into the argument that has been put forth by Brake in the article â€Å"Marriage and Domestic Partnership†. Considering the change in the understanding about marriage, a lot of questions have arisen which have appeared to redefine the context of marriages in the society. The stages that marriage passes and the test both couples undergo together is enough to show of the nature of marriage and whether it qualifies to be called an engagement. Today, the consideration for marriage takes into account other factors s uch as changes in laws and customs. This may broadly entail government regulations, culture and religious laws associated with marriage. Consequently, there are several civilizational and moral arguments that try to define the context in which marriage can be really considered a marriage. In the church context, the same would be easily answered as the period in time when the two people wed together. However, in other contemporary settings, marriage takes diverse forms and meanings. In some extreme cases, it is considered complete with the birth of a child. An overemphasis of this aspect categorizes marriage as a continuous process with no definite beginning or end. In my opinion, even though a lot of the revolutionary changes in the modern world

Social Media Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Social Media Marketing - Essay Example According to the report findings  the measurement of social media has been stated to relate to the actuality of trailing the diverse and assorted content associated with the various types of social media on the whole. This particular process is observed to be carried out for ascertaining the specific quantity and attitude and reaction with regard to a particular brand in terms of the social media by the concerned marketers. Social media is being increasingly considered to be a popular form of marketing platform for the marketers owing to which the facet of measurement is considered to be quite a decisive constituent for the purpose of attaining success.From the essay it is clear that  the process of web analytics not only entailed the function of a measuring instrument in order to ascertain the web traffic but was also used for the purpose of business as well as market research. This stated measurement technique also aided in evaluating along with enhancing the efficacy of a defi nite web site. The web analytics were known to involve two groups and they were the off-site as well as the on-site. However, it needs to be mentioned in this regard that the advanced measurement tools in relation to the social media are believed to incorporate the two groups with regard to web analytics into tools that have been found to satisfy the functions related to both the groups.  The present measurement tools are known to provide a qualitative insight regarding the thinking, sentiment, behavior and demographics of the viewers.

Bacteriological Safety of Water Analysis

Bacteriological Safety of Water Analysis Comparison of bacteriological safety of water at collection points and drinking water at household level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipality Kewaza Johnmartin1*, Nkalubo Edgar, Kayiwa Samuel, Kafuma Paul, Kyarisiima Catherine, Labii Ogom Edward, Iramiot Jacob Stanley and Ntaro Moses Abstract Background: Efforts have been made to provide safe water to the public through construction of safe water sources in communities together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of drinking water. Despite those efforts, there is still frequent consumption of contaminated water that has caused a persistently high prevalence of water related illnesses. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources can be maintained up to consumption at household level. This study compared the bacteriological safety of water at collection points and drinking water at household level in Kizungu slum Mbarara municipality Materials and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study. We collected samples from water sources used by respondents and from their domestic drinking water. Samples were analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory . Petrifilms were used to enumerate coliform bacteria in water. Results: A total of 60 drinking water samples were analyzed. Although most households (88.3%) reported to have boiled drinking water, 21.7% of drinking water samples were positive for E. coli. A total of 24 water sources were analyzed, 22 of which were taps whilst 2 were open wells. Of the 22 tap samples, 22% were positive for total coliforms. Both well samples were positive for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml. Conclusion: Health benefits of providing access to improved water sources to communities can be threatened by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the sources of recontamination of clean water at household level need to be strengthened. Continued education pertaining good household sanitary practices urgently requires re- addressing. Key words: Bacteria, contamination, water sources, drinking water, Mbarara Background Water is the most essential component of human health, food security, economic growth and environmental sustainability. Although water is essential for life, it can and does transmit pathogens that are a major of 2.2 million diarrheal disease deaths occurring annually [1]. Diarrheal disease remains one of the leading killers of children around the world, responsible for the deaths of nearly 1.6 million children annually, yet is no longer considered a global health priority [2]. In developing countries, as much of 80% of illnesses are linked to poor water and sanitation conditions [2]. The government of Uganda together with several Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) has made efforts to provide safe water to the public through construction of safe water sources together with widespread sensitization on the practice of boiling of drinking water. 2012 statistics shows a 64% access to safe water in rural settings and a 68% access to safe water in urban settings [4]. Despite all the above efforts, there is still frequent consumption of contaminated water that has caused a persistently high prevalence of water related illnesses [3]. Improving the quality of drinking-water is a powerful environmental determinant of health. It continues to be the foundation for the prevention and control of waterborne diseases [4]. We hypothesized that the safety of water from safe water sources can be maintained up to consumption at household level. We conducted a cross sectional study to compare the bacteriological contamination of water at collection points and drinking water at household level. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study that involved both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Upon approval from the university Institutional Review Board, consenting adult household members aged 18 years or above in Kizungu, Kakoba division, Mbarara municipality, were enrolled in the study between June and July 2013. Questionnaires were administered through face-to-face interviews and data collected on handling practices of drinking water. They included; boiling drinking water, source of water and storage. Domestic water sources and drinking water were subsequently sampled and microbiologically analyzed. Sampling was systematic. The study area was divided into five cells; Market cell, Central cell, Upper cell, Agip cell and Kabateraine cell. The sample size was then divided amongst the five cells to obtain the number of household to participate in each cell. These were selected as follows; two main streets in a cell were randomly picked and from these, 15 plots were picked. One household out of the 15 plots was selected to participate. The 15 households were selected as follows: starting from the extreme end of the selected street and walking across one street towards another in more or less a straight line, one plot on the straight line was selected until the sample of 15 was reached. From each of these plots, the first household that had an eligible respondent was enrolled in the study. From each selected household’s drinking water was sampled 100ml. Each participating household was asked for their source of water and a water sample was taken from this source so long as it had not already been taken. Water samples were aseptically collected using sterile containers. The samples were transported within 2 hours of collection in a cool box containing ice packs to a microbiology laboratory. Sample collection was in accordance to the standard procedures as documented by Monica, 2006 [5]. Petrifilms were used for the analysis. From 100ml of each sample was pipetted 1ml. Lifting up the cover sheet on the plate, the pipetted volume was gently release onto the center of the pink circle of the petrifilm. Slowly, the top cover was rolled back down onto the sample, which spread it. The inoculated petrifilms were incubated at 37 0C for 24 hours to allow any bacteria that might have been present in the inoculum to grow and form visible colonies. The colonies associated with gas bubbles on each petrifilm were counted and the obtained figure multiplied by 100 to obtain a coliform count per 100ml. Analysis of data was descriptive involving determination of frequencies, and presentation in form of statistical tables. Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) was used to analyze the data. Results were interpreted using WHO Guidelines for Drinking water quality assessment [6,4]. Results A total of 60 household were included in the study. From each of these households, an adult was interviewed. Of the 60 respondents, 6 were males whereas 54 were females. The mean number of members in each household was 4. Source of Domestic Water A total of 24 sources were sampled. Of these, 22 were from taps whereas 2 were from shallow wells (defined as a hand-dug well). One of the wells was located just close to a kraal with cattle excreta flowing into the well. In most circumstances, residents of a plot shared one water source. In a few cases, several plots shared a water point. Water analysis Sources Analyses of water sources revealed that, of the 22 tap samples, 5 (22%) were positive for total coliforms with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 700cfu/100ml respectively. Both well samples were positive for E. coli with numbers over 1100cfu/100ml (Table 1). Table 1: Bacteriological analysis of water sources in Kizungu slum Mbarara Municipality May-June, 2014 (n=22) Drinking water A total of 60 samples were analyzed. Of these, 21.7% were positive for E. coli with minimum and maximum number of coliforms being, 100cfu/100ml and 3400cfu/100ml respectively (Table 2). Treatment and storage of drinking water Of the 60 households interviewed, majority (88.3%) boiled drinking water. Majority, 86.7% used charcoal as a fuel for boiling. 76.7% stored drinking water in jerry cans. Regarding storage conditions, majority (85%) stored water at room temperature. Of the 60 participants, 20% reported to have had an episode of diarrhea in the past 3 months. Table 2: Bacteriological analysis of drinking water in households of Kizungu slum Mbarara Municipality May-June, 2014 (n=22) Discussion In this study, we found that the quality of water from sources significantly depreciates at household level, with only a few water sources fecally contaminated compared to close to a quarter of drinking water sampled from 60 households that were feacally contaminated. These results are consistent with other large studies [7,8,9,10], whose findings also indicated that contamination increased along the water chain starting from the source to stored drinking water. Tragically, our results show that interventions aiming to improve the safety of drinking water to household level such as boiling have had lee impact in the urban poor. Target 7.C of the Millennium Development Goal 7 aimed at halving the proportion of people without access to improved sources of water. Although this has been achieved [11][11], our findings have reavealed threats to the health benefits of that achievement since even with access to these safe sources, re-contamination an occur at household level. The fact that drinking water in developing countries requires subsequent storage after boiling still poses a risk on the microbiological quality of drinking water due to unsanitary handling in households. We also observed that close to a quarter of water taps sampled were contaminated with other indicator bacteria. This emphasizes the fact that even piped water can be potentially contaminated during distribution [12][13][12]. Total coliforms are present in both fecal and non-fecal environments hence are not useful as an index of fecal pathogens. However, there presence can be used to assess the cleanliness and integrity of distribution systems, potential presence of biofilms and as indicators of contamination through ingress of foreign material, including soil or plants. Detection of total coliform in the distribution system, but absent in water leaving the treatment plant is indicative of a likelihood of bacterial regrowth or post-treatment contamination [13,6]. Our data showed that all the 2 open wells sampled were heavily contaminated. One of the wells was located close to a kraal. Rains often wash off disposed excreta into open wells which may also have also contributed to the heavy contamination of these open wells with fecal matter. This is in agreement with results of survey of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar [14] Our study however did not infer the cause of the contamination at household level neither did it isolate contaminants. Nevertheless, the analytical method we used isolated Escherichia coli, an indicator organism of choice for faecal pollution [6] In conclusion, our results show that health benefits of providing access to improved water sources to communities can be threatened by significant re-contamination at household level. Strategies to address the sources of recontamination of clean water at household level need to be strengthened. Continued education pertaining good household sanitary practices urgently requires re- addressing. References WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO. United Nations, 2003. Statement by Secretary General Koffi Annan. United Nations. UBOS ICF International, 2012. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics. WHO, 2010. Water for health; WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Monica, C., 2006. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. 2nd ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. WHO, 2008. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva: WHO. Brick, T. et al., 2004. Water contamination in urban south India: household storage practices and their implications for water safety and enteric infections. Int J Hyg Environ Health., 5(207), pp.473-80. Clasen, T. Bastable, A., 2003. Faecal contamination of drinking water during collection and household storage: the need to extend protection to the point of use. J Water Health, 3(1), pp.Sep;1(3):109-15. Eshcol, J., Mahapatra, P. Keshapagu , S., 2009. Is fecal contamination of drinking water after collection associated with household water handling and hygiene practices? A study of urban slum households in Hyderabad, India. J Water Health, 1(7), pp.145-54. Wright, J., Gundry, S. Conroy, R., 2004. Household drinking water in developing countries: a systematic review of microbiological contamination between source and point-of-use. Trop Med Int Health, 1(9), pp.106-17. United Nations, 2013. We can End Poverty. Millennium Development Goals and Beyond 2015. [Online] Available at: http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml [Accessed 18 January 2014]. Hunter, P.R., Chalmers, R.M., Hughes, S. Syed, Q., 2005. Self-reported diarrhea in a control group: a strong association with reporting of low-pressure events in tap water. Clinical Infect. Dis. , (40), p.e32–e34. NHMRC, 2003. Review of Coliforms as Microbial Indicators of Drinking Water Safety. In Melita, S., Nicholas, David, C., eds. Recommendation to changethe use of coliforms as microbial indicators of drinking water quality. Camberra, 2003. Biotext Pty Ltd. Mengesha , A., Mamo, W. Baye, G., 2004. A survey of bacteriological quality of drinking water in North Gondar. Ethiop.J.Health Dev., 18(II), pp.112-15.

Tess Of The D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy - Is Tess a Pure Woman? Essay

Thomas Hardy’s Tess Of The D’Urbervilles (A Pure Women) - Do You Agree with Hardy’s Subtitle, A Pure Women? ‘Tess Of The D’Urberville’ was written by Thomas Hardy in 1891. Tess is the main character who gets exploited by the character, Alec. The question is whether Tess is pure or not. The subject of purity caused a lot of controversy in the Victorian times. The dictionary definition of the word purity is that if someone is pure they are innocent, fresh, virtues, chaste and very trustworthy. Thomas Hardy English poet and novelist, famous for his dispictions of the imaginary county â€Å"Wessex†. Hardy’s work reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life. In the Victorian times you were able to buy names depending on whether you were rich or not this will show if you have social status or not. Victorians believed that any man or women having a sexual relationship or sexual contact before marriage was seen as a sinner. If you pregnant and was not married society will not accept you they were very strict and very religious. In the Victorian times there were three classes. The Masses, the Nouveax Riches, and the Landed Gentry. The Masses were the poor working class, the Nouveax Riches were the people who worked in factory’s In the city they get the new money and that is were the name came from, they were hated by the Landed Gentry because they were almost the same standard as them, the Landed Gentry were the rich people who didn’t work but got their money from their ancestors (old money). Tess a young cottage girl ‘she was a fine and handsome girl†¦ and large innocent eyes added eloquence to colour and shape†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Tess and her family were the poor working class and were happy the way they... ...Angel and tells him what she has done and says that if anything happens to her he has to promise to look after her younger sister Liza- lu this shows us that she is very loving towards her sister and is willing to do anything for her happiness. Tess is then captured and is hanged in the last chapter. Conclusion: To conclude I think Tess is a pure woman. I have shown how fate has taken a major part in her life. Thomas Hardy is a person who wrote most of his novels in a pessimistic way. His view on life and in women was completely different to the rest of the society; he reckons that men and women should have an equal right. The reason why he wrote ‘A Pure Woman’ as his subtitle is because he wanted to put it out to the rest of the society and because this is a question everyone wants an answer to. This subject caused a lot of controversy at the time.